However, the identity and concentration of factors found in semenmay be altered in the male reproductive tract as a consequence of sexually transmitted infections and infertility conditions. Typically, semen initiates a biphasic process of inflammation that is gradually resolved, leading to immune cell recruitment pivotal to clearing excess sperm and establishing tolerance of the fetal allograft. These factors are essential to establishing conditions that facilitate fertilization and embryogenesis through modulation of local immune responses in the female reproductive tract. Human semen is a complex medium containing high concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that play key roles in orchestrating immune responses during reproduction.
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